General Meteorology

• The Atmosphere: Home of the Weather
• A Matter of Scale
• Balancing Radiation
• Arctic Summer Sun
• Sometimes It's Relative: Humidity
• Evaporation: Water’s Disappearing Act
• The Morning Dew
• Frost on the Pumpkin
• Frost Pockets
• It's Coldest After Dawn
• What Goes Up-1: Introduction
• What Goes Up-2: Topography and Density Effects
• What Goes Up-3: Convergence/Divergence Effects
• The Temperature Inversion
  
  
• Air Masses: A Base for Weather Analysis
• Air Masses: Another Fine Vintage
• Along The Front: Where Air Masses Meet
• The Conveyor Belts: A New 3D Look at Cyclone Structure
• Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 1 - The High
• Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 2 - The Low
• The Flavour of Lows
• The Highs of Hazard

Winds

• The Global Wind Belts
• The Horse Latitudes
• A Jet Stream Runs Through It
• Jet Streaming Along the Polar Front
• Here Comes The Pineapple Express
• The Chinook
• The Santa Ana: California's Evil Wind
• Dust Devils
• Winds of the Day
• Cat's Paws
• Sea and Land Breezes
• Lake Breeze Weather
• Great Lakes Breezes
• Fresh Water Waterspouts
• Gap Winds
• Newfoundland's Wreckhouse Winds
• Cold Outbreaks: The North Wind Doth Blow
• Of Shoes And Ships And Rubber Ducks And A Message In A Bottle (Wind-Driven Ocean Currents)
• Aeolian Transport

Clouds and Precipitation

• From Sea Froth To Raindrops
• Making Clouds and Rain
• Hard Rains Will Fall
• Basic Cloud Atlas
• Noctilucent Clouds: Mystery in the High Atmosphere
• Noctilucent Clouds Photo Gallery
• Cumulus Humilis: A Fair Weather Cloudscape
• Clouds: The Rare, The Unusual and The New
• Topping The Mountains
• How Do Clouds Float?
• A Springtime Cloud-Watching Kind Of A Day
• The Fog Rolls In
• Steam Fog
• Raindrops, So Many Raindrops
• April Showers
• The Energy of A Rainshower
• Cloudbursts
• Lake-Effect Rains
• The Other Side of the Mountain: Rainshadows

Optical Phenomena: Sunsets, Halos, Mirages, etc.

• How Many Colors Has The Sky?
• Rainbows
• Moonbows
• Heavenly Shades of Nighttime Falling, It's Twilight Time
• Mirages: A Primer
• The Inferior Mirage: Not Just For Deserts Anymore
• The Superior Mirage: Seeing Beyond
• Halo! Halo!
• Sun Dogs
• The 46-Degree Halo
• Light Pillars
  
• Of Sun Pillars and Diamond Dust
• Diamond Dust
• Corona and Irisation
• The Glory and the Brockenspectre
• Sun Glitter: All That Glitters
• Crepuscular Rays: Looking For Sunbeams
• Blue Sun
• Bright Downpours
• Twinkle, Twinkle: September Skies and Starlight

Storms (see also For Strong Winds)

• Gulf of Alaska Storms
• Nor'easters and Alberta Clippers
• Weather Bombs: Rapid Storm Development


• Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scales
• Tropical Cyclone Scales
• Storm Surge
• Cape Verde Hurricanes
• Pacific Hurricanes: The Forgotten Storms
• Australian Cyclones
• The Deadly Cyclones of Bangladesh


• Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale
• Rating Tornadoes: The Enhanced Fujita Scale
• Waterspouts: Water Twisters
• Fresh Water Waterspouts
• Microbursts
• Heatbursts
• Microbursts and Heatbursts
• The Derecho
• Lake Breeze Thunderstorms
• What Is A Haze Squall?
• Why Lightning Bolts Are Not Straight
• Heat Lightning
• Dry Thunderstorms
• Blue Jets, Red Sprites and Elves
• Thundersnows
• Thunder 1: Voice of the Heavens
• Thunder 2: A Child of Lightning
• Hail To Thee
• Hail Formation
• Hailstone Sizes
• Flash Flood

Winter Weather

• A Frosty Morning
• Cold Outbreaks: The North Wind Doth Blow
• Arctic Outbreaks
• Break Out: Arctic Outflow Winds on the Pacific Coast
• Hard Rains Will Fall
• Ice Storms: Hazardous Beauty
• Freezing Rain In The US West
• Blizzard!
• Winter Tornadoes
• Lake-Effect Snowfall
• Sea-Effect Snow
• A Study in Opposites: Thundersnow
• Thundersnows
• Causes of Lake-Effect Snow Squalls
• Lake-Effect Snow Climatology in the Great Lakes Region
• The Joy of Snowflakes
• Giant Snow Flakes
• Diamond Dust:
• Icicles
• Snow Drifting: Getting the Drift
• Avalanche!
• Snowrollers
• Ice Balls
• Frost Flowers and Ice Ribbons
• Brown Snow
• The Weight of Snow
• Frost Quakes
• The Frost Beard: Hoar Frost
• Late Season Snowstorms

Miscellaneous

The Cycle of Seasons

• The Wheel Of The Year
• The Elders Speak: On The Seasons
• Winter: A Long Mid-Winter Night
• Winter: Celebrate the Winter Solstice
• Winter: The Yule Log
• Winter: The Twelve Months of Christmas
• Winter: The Elders Speak: About Winter
• Winter: January Thaw: Winter Cold Relief
• Winter: Groundhog Day
• Winter/Spring: A March Parade of Winds
• Spring: Spring's Northward Migration
• Spring: Vernal Equinox
• Spring: The Elders Speak: About Spring
• Spring: April Showers
• Spring: Celebrating May Day
• Spring: The Start of Solar Summer
• Spring:Dogwood Winter

Weather Almanac 2013 Archive

• January 2013: Inauguration Weather
• Febuary 2013: Sea-Effect Snow
• March 2013: Australian Cyclones
• April 2013: Late Season Snowstorms
• May 2013: Normals, Freaks and Rare Weather Events
• June 2013: Counting Tornadoes
• July 2013: Skyscapes: From Both Sides Now
• August 2013: Under The Solar Wind
• September 2013: Scaling The Tropical Storms
• October 2013: The San Diego Hurricane of 1858
• November 2013: The Freshwater Fury of 1913
• December 2013: TBA

Weather Almanac 2012 Archive

• January 2012: The Knickerbocker Storm 1922
• Febuary 2012: The Coldest Places on Earth
• March 2012: Frost Quakes
• March 2012: A Newfoundland Landscape with Sheila’s Brush
• April 2012: A Titanic Disaster
• May 2012: You Can’t Say That! The Banning of Tornado
• June 2012: A is for Audrey
• July 2012: Thomas Jefferson, America’s First Climatologist
• August 2012: The Dog Days of Summer
• September 2012: Fresh Water Waterspouts
• October 2012: The Highs of Hazard
• November 2012: The Naming Game Revisited
• December 2012: The Infamous London Smog of 1952

Weather Almanac 2011 Archive

• January 2011: AO, NAO and The Greenland High
• Febuary 2011: Benjamin Franklin: Always Weatherwise
• March 2011: Watching The Weather At Sea
• April 2011: Spring Flooding
• April 2011: 2011 Spring Flooding
• May 2011: Sowing With The Wind
• June 2011: Shakespearean Weather
• July 2011: Clouds: The Rare, The Unusual and The New
• August 2011: Heat Wave
• September 2011: Hurricane Carla: Texas-Sized
• October 2011: Weather Eyes Looking Up
• November 2011: The Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11
• December 2011: Christmas Storms

Weather Almanac 2010 Archive

• January 2010: Corona and Irisation
• Febuary 2010: Playing Through Winter On Snow and Ice: Part 1 Skiing
• Febuary 2010: Playing Through Winter On Snow and Ice: Part 2 Skating and Sledding
• March 2010: The Frost Beard: Hoar Frost
• April 2010: Earth Day At 40
• May 2010: Wind Energy: Farming The Weather
• June 2010: Volcano Weather
• July 2010: Evaporation: Water’s Disappearing Act
• August 2010: The Hurricanes of 1780
• September 2010: Hurricane Donna: 1960 Fury
• October 2010: The Saxby Gale: A Lucky Guess?
• November 2010: Revisiting the Winds of November
• December 2010: Skying with John Constable

Weather Almanac 2009 Archive

• January 2009: Winter Tornadoes
• February 2009: Freezing America: The Cold Wave of 1899
• March 2009: The Samoan Hurricane of 1889
• April 2009: The Morning Dew
• May 2009: Topping The Mountains
• June 2009: Weather Diaries and Journals
• July 2009: Death Valley: The Heat Is On
• August 2009: Looking at Clouds: From Both Sides Now
• September 2009: Weather Satellites and Tropical Storms
• October 2009: The Largest of Them All: Typhoon Tip
• November 2009: Along The Front: Where Air Masses Meet
• December 2009:The Conveyor Belts: A New 3D Look at Cyclone Structure
• December 2009:...And Through the Woods

Weather Almanac 2008 Archive

• January 2008: The Great Ice Storm of 1998
• February 2008: Watching The Sky: Weather Lore
• March 2008: The Great Blizzard of ‘88
• April 2008: Deadly Tornadoes of April 1908
• May 2008: John Park Finley: Early Tornado Forecasts
• June 2008: Canadian Tornadoes
• July 2008: Dust Devils
• August 2008: At the Front: The Bergen School
• September 2008: The Great Hurricane of 1938
• October 2008: How Many Colors Has The Sky?
• November 2008: The Deadly Cyclones of Bangladesh
• December 2008:Photographing The Weather

Weather Almanac 2007 Archive

• January 2007: The Legend of Snowshoe Thompson
• February 2007: The Weight of Snow
• March 2007: The Mediterranean: Birthplace of the Winds
• April 2007: Rating Tornadoes: The Enhanced Fujita Scale
• May 2007: The Smells of Weather
• June 2007: Foreign Tornadoes
• July 2007: Drought: The Silent Disaster
• August 2007: Noctilucent Clouds: Mystery in the High Atmosphere
• September 2007: Falling Back on the Past
• October 2007: Typhoon Freda: The Columbus Day Storm
• November 2007: Britain's Great Storm of 1703
• December 2007:Of Words and Weather

Weather Almanac 2006 Archive

• January 2006: The Flavour of Lows
• February 2006: John Tyndall: Sky Blue and Greenhouse Gases
• March 2006: Weather and Trains
• April 2006: Kites Live In Weather
• May 2006: Three Strikes on Codell
• June 2006: Arctic Summer Sun
• July 2006: How Hot Can It Get? The Great Heat Wave of 1936
• August 2006: Surviving The Dog Days
• September 2006: The Santa Ana: California's Evil Wind
• October 2006: The Royal Charter Storm
• November 2006: FitzRoy of the Weather Service
• December 2006:A Weather Garden of Verse

Weather Almanac 2005 Archive

Weather Almanac 2004 Archive

• January 2005: Ice Time
• February 2005: Frost Flowers and Ice Ribbons
• March 2005: By Any Other Name: The Wind Rose
• April 2005: Halo! Halo!
• May 2005: The Great 1840 Natchez Tornado
• June 2005: Weather Painters
• July 2005: Balloons Sample the Weather
• August 2005: Flash Flood
• September 2005: William Dampier: The Weather Pirate
• October 2005: When Weather Goes Bad: Hurricane Katrina
• November 2005: The Umbrella
• December 2005: Newfoundland's Wreckhouse Winds

• January 2004: Snowshoeing Through Winter
• February 2004: Snow Drifting: Getting The Drift
• March 2004: The Weather Glass
• April 2004: Weather and Baseball
• May 2004: New England's Dark Day
• June 2004: Sloshing The Lakes: The Seiche
• July 2004: Fire Weather
• August 2004: The American Monsoon
• September 2004: Storm Surge
• October 2004: They Called It Hazel
• November 2004: British Columbia: Land of a Billion Climates
• December 2004: L.F. Richardson: Building The Forecast Factory

Weather Almanac 2003 Archive

Weather Almanac 2002 Archive

• January 2003: Cool Vintage From Frozen Fruit
• January 2003: The Wheel Of The Year
• February 2003: Singing in the Rain...And Snow and Wind
• March 2003: Spring's Northward Migration
• April 2003: The Energy of A Rainshower
• May 2003: Growing By Degrees
• June 2003: The Worcester Tornado of 1953
• July 2003: Flying Into The Eye
• August 2003: Pacific Hurricanes: The Forgotten Storms
• September 2003: Eric Sloane: Look At The Sky
• October 2003: Eclipsed by Storm
• November 2003: Here Comes The Pineapple Express
• December 2003: Sing Me The Song The Wind Makes

• January 2002: January Thaw: Winter Cold Relief
• January 2002: Miami's First Snowfall
• February 2002: North America's Record Cold
• March 2002: Where Ice Worms Nest
• April 2002: Up, Up and Away
• May 2002: Dogwood Winter
• June 2002: Dust In The Wind
• July 2002: Hail To Thee
• August 2002: Lammas: Let The Harvest Begin
• August 2002:Gods of Thunder. Throwers of Lightning
• September 2002: The Fog Rolls In
• October 2002: Water Twisters
• November 2002: Henry David Thoreau: The Transcendental Meteorologist
• November 2002: When Salmon Cannot Run
• December 2002: Of Toques and Earmuffs
• December 2002: Halcyon Days of December

Weather Almanac 2001 Archive

Weather Almanac 2000 Archive

• January 2001: Snow People: An Endangered Species?
• February 2001: Permafrost: Specter of The Great Ice Ages
• March 2001: Wind Vanes: Pointing To The Wind
• April 2001: From Sea Froth To Raindrops
• May 2001: Air Masses: Another Fine Vintage
• June 2001: Winds of the Day
• July 2001: Hot Town: Summer in the City
• August 2001: Aeroallergens: Misery Blowin' In The Wind
• September 2001: The Hidden Season of September
• October 2001: First Frost
• October 2001: Halcyon Days of Indian Summer
• November 2001: Entering the Dark Days
• December 2001: A Chilling Wind Runs Through Me
• December 2001: Victoria's Great Snowfall

• January 2000: Blizzard!
• February 2000: Light Show Of The Heavens
• March 2000: The Days Niagara Falls Went Dry
• April 2000: First Eye in the Space
• April 2000: Betting On A Breakup: The Nenana Ice Classic
• May 2000: Great Lakes Breezes
• May 2000: Celebrating May Day
• June 2000: Name That Storm
• July 2000: Raindrops, So Many Raindrops
• August 2000: Wind Chimes
• September 2000: Wasn't That a Mighty Storm?
• October 2000: The Great Fires of October 1871
• November 2000: Sporting Weather
• December 2000: Sounds of Silent Snow

Weather Almanac 1999 Archive

Weather Almanac 1998 Archive

• January 1999: The North Wind Doth Blow
• February 1999: Of Sun Pillars and Diamond Dust
• March 1999: A March Parade of Winds
• March 1999: Poor Keith's Almanac: Some Weather Fun
• April 1999: April Showers
• May 1999: A Springtime Cloud-Watching Kind Of A Day
• June 1999: Symphony of the Thunder Clouds
• June 1999: A Mid-Summer Dream: The Summer Solstice
• July 1999: Did Those Mountains Grow Overnight?
• August 1999: Mapping The Changing Sky
• September 1999: Connections: A Storm, An Island, A Play, A Princess
• October 1999: Two Flags Flying
• November 1999: A Frosty Morning
• December 1999: Moving The Snow
• December 1999: A Long Mid-Winter Night

• January 1998: Weathering the Cold
• February 1998: Groundhog Day
• March 1998: March Weather Madness
• March 1998: Vernal Equinox
• April 1998: To Be A Stormwatcher
• May 1998: They Call The Wind
• June 1998: Comes The Rain And Thunder
• July 1998: It's Not Just The Heat
• August 1998: Weather in the Rockies
• September 1998: Comes the Fall
• September 1998: Living On The Air
• October 1998: Indian Summer Brings Fall Colour
• November 1998: The Winds of November
• December 1998: Let It Snow, Let It Snow

• January Weather Diary
• February Weather Diary
• March Weather Diary
• April Weather Diary
• May Weather Diary
• June Weather Diary

• The Deadly Cyclones of Bangladesh
• Significant Severe Cyclones Striking Bangladesh
• Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes
• The Hurricane of 1609: A Storm, An Island, A Play, A Princess
• The Great Hurricane of 1635
• The "Sudden Gust" of 1643
• Britain's Great Storm of 1703
• Louisiana's Great Hurricane of 1722
• The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm 1772
• The Hurricanes of 1780
• New England's Dark Day
• Amazing Grace: Surviving A Storm At Sea
• Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death:
  The Infamous "Year Without A Summer"
• The 1829 Guelph Tornado
• Illinois' Sudden Change of 1836
• The Great 1840 Natchez Tornado
• The San Diego Hurricane of 1858
• The Royal Charter Storm
• The Saxby Gale: A Lucky Guess?
• The Saxby Letters
• The Great Fires of October 1871
• The Days Niagara Falls Went Dry
• The Children's Blizzard of 1888
• A Terrible Degree of Cold: The Cold Wave of 1888
• The Great Blizzard of ‘88
• The Great Blizzard of ‘88: Part 2 The Great Blizzard Buries Father Knickerbocker
• The Samoan Hurricane of 1889
• Freezing America: The Cold Wave of 1899
• The 1900 Galveston Hurricane
• Deadly Tornadoes of April 1908
• The Deadly Avalanches of 1910
• The Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11
• A Titanic Disaster
• The Freshwater Fury of 1913
• Victoria's Groundhog Day Snowstorm of 1916
• Three Strikes on Codell (KS)
• The Knickerbocker Storm 1922

For Strong Winds

See also Weather Events for specific storm events.

Weather Journal

• The Return of the Dark Days: Samhain and All Hallow’s Eve
• The Start of Solar Summer
• A Record Setting Day
• The Min Min Lights
• The Yule Log
• Canadian Weather Words
• Snow Words, Dude
• Wikaninnish Inn: Winter Storm Watchers' Paradise
• Greek Tower of the Winds
• Weather and Spirit — The Enchantment of Sky
• Steam Fog
• Autumn's First Hint
• Cat's Paws

• Cleveland Abbe: "Ol' Probabilities" of the US Weather Bureau
• The Weather Legacy of Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort
• Wilson Bentley: The Snowflake Man of Vermont
• Wilson A. Bentley: The Raindrop Man Too
• Duncan C. Blanchard: The Lighter Side of Science Research
• Vilhelm and Jakob Bjerknes: At the Front: The Bergen School
• Dr Isaac M. Cline: A Man of Storm and Floods
• Dr Isaac M. Cline Part 1: The Early Years
• Dr Isaac M. Cline Part 2: Converging Paths: A Man and A Storm
• Dr Isaac M. Cline Part 3: New Orleans: Watching A River
• William Dampier: The Weather Pirate
• John Park Finley: Early Tornado Forecasts: Part 1: The Early Years
• John Park Finley: Early Tornado Forecasts: Part 2: The Tornado-Studies Project and Beyond
• FitzRoy of the Weather Service
• Admiral Robert FitzRoy: The Rest of the Story
• Benjamin Franklin: Always Weatherwise
• Franklin Explains The Waterspout
• Benjamin Franklin: The First American Storm Chaser
• Benjamin Franklin: Eclipsed by Storm
• Mr. Tornado: Tetsuya Theodore "Ted" Fujita

• Greek Tower of the Winds
• The Arctic Mirage: Aid To Discovery
• Weather Diaries and Journals
• The Weather Luck of Christopher Columbus
• The Invention of the Barometer
• Benjamin Franklin: Eclipsed by Storm
• The Hurricanes of 1780
• Lewis and Clark's First Winter (1804)
• Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death:
  The Infamous "Year Without A Summer"
• The Origin of Cyclone
• FitzRoy's Storm Glass
• At the Front: The Bergen School
• Kites Live In Weather
• Modern Weather Kites
• You Can’t Say That!: The Banning of Tornado
• Balloons Sample the Weather
• Canada's Weather Trains
• Naming the Windy City
• Ice Harvesting for Refrigeration: Ice Time
• Christmas Storms

Weather and Life

Human Impacts

• A Chilling Wind Runs Through Me
• The New Windchill Index
• Cold Impacts on Human Health and Comfort
• The Weight of Snow
• Ice Recreation/Ice for Refrigeration: Ice Time
• SAD During The Dark Days
• Aeroallergens: Misery Blowin' In The Wind
• Life's Seasons: Autumn To Fall
• Summer Discomfort: Mixing Heat and Humidity

Weather Clothes and Items

• The Umbrella
• Snowshoeing Through Winter
• Playing Through Winter On Snow and Ice: Part 1 Skiing
• Playing Through Winter On Snow and Ice: Part 2 Skating and Sledding
• Of Toques and Earmuffs
• Wind Chimes
• Wind Energy: Farming The Weather
• Windmills: Turning In The Wind

Impacts on Plants and Animals

• Asia Dusts Plankton Bloom
• Canadian Fire Weather Index
• When Salmon Cannot Run
• Where Ice Worms Nest
• Soaring Migrations
• Aeroplankton: Living On The Air
• Weathering the Cold
• Spring's Northward Migration
• Early Spring Flowers Define Microclimate
• Sowing With The Wind
• Growing By Degrees
• Fall Colours: Indian Summer Brings Fall Colour
• Cool Vintage From Frozen Fruit

Weather Whys

• Brown Snow
• How Do Clouds Float?
• Right As Rain
• Freezing Rain In The US West
• Ice Balls
• Thundersnows
• The Nephoscope
• Heatbursts
• Heat Lightning
• Chicago: The Windy City
• Cabanuelas
• Weathervane Forecasting
• Fish and Frogs Falling from the Sky
• Length of Day/Night at the Equator
• Distance of Lightning From Thunder Observation
• Driest Inhabited Continent?
• Converting Temperatures

• The Elders Speak: On Weather
• The Elders Speak: On Weather Watching
• The Elders Speak: Stormy Weather
• The Elders Speak: On Snow Storms and Blizzards
• The Elders Speak: On Hurricanes/Typhoons
• The Elders Speak: Thunder and Lightning
• The Elders Speak: On Tornadoes
• The Elders Speak: On The Wind
• The Elders Speak: On Clouds
• The Elders Speak: On The Rain
• The Elders Speak: On Snow
• The Elders Speak: On Fog
• The Elders Speak: On Heat and Hot Weather
• The Elders Speak: On Sky Colour and Things


• The Elders Speak: On The Seasons
• The Elders Speak: About Winter
• The Elders Speak: About Spring
• The Elders Speak: About Summer
• The Elders Speak: About Autumn
• The Elders Speak: On Indian Summer

• Watching The Sky: Weather Lore
• Cloud Men
• Gods of Thunder, Throwers of Lightning
• Greek Tower of the Winds
• Snow People: An Endangered Species?
• Aesop's Fable — The North Wind And The Sun
• The Min Min Lights
• The Wheel Of The Year
• Groundhog Day
• A Newfoundland Landscape with Sheila’s Brush
• Dogwood Winter